Chemistry II · Class 12

Chemistry — Organic Chemistry and Biomolecules in 5 chapters — from “Haloalkanes and Haloarenes” to “Biomolecules”.

Chapters

  1. Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
    • The bond that is already half broken
    • Reading a halide's name as a set of instructions
    • Why these liquids sink, and where they boil
    • Building the carbon-halogen bond
    • Double the nucleophile and watch the rate
    • What a beam of polarised light reveals about the mechanism
    • Predicting which pathway a substrate will take
    • When the base takes a proton instead
    • Turning carbon into a nucleophile
    • Why chlorobenzene ignores hydroxide
    • What makes a polyhalogen compound persist
  2. Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
    • What the hydroxyl is attached to
    • Naming the compound the hydroxyl defines
    • What boiling has to pull apart
    • Acidity is a statement about the anion
    • The same electron distribution, read on the ring
    • What the ring gains, the oxygen loses
    • Putting a hydroxyl onto a carbon
    • Protonate the hydroxyl, and Chapter 1 takes over
    • The ether bond, made and broken
    • How far the carbon is oxidised, and what stops it
  3. Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
    • The carbon that is short of electrons
    • What one polar group does to a boiling point
    • A nucleophile arrives, and the carbon changes shape
    • When the tetrahedral intermediate can throw something away
    • Why a nitrogen nucleophile needs acid, and why too much acid stops it
    • The other place a base can attack
    • What an attached hydroxyl does to the same carbonyl group
    • One mechanism, and the reactions it turns out to be
    • Choosing a reagent that stops where you want it to
    • Adding a carbon, and taking one away
  4. Amines
    • One pair nitrogen never shares, and what it does to the shape
    • Basicity is Chapter 2's argument run backwards
    • What protonation costs aniline
    • Three effects, two orders, and a measurement that contradicts the rule
    • Making the carbon-nitrogen bond, and the trouble with making it four times
    • Counting carbons, and why the reagent decides the chain length
    • Everything the N-H bonds decide
    • The ring and the nitrogen want the same pair
    • A leaving group that walks out as a gas, and a director you install in order to delete
    • Keeping the nitrogen, and where the colour comes from
  5. Biomolecules
    • Nothing in this chapter is a new reaction
    • Six experiments corner one structure for glucose
    • Flattening a tetrahedron, and what D does not mean
    • The ring the evidence demands, and the rotation that proves it opens again
    • From the Fischer cross to the Haworth ring, and back
    • One acetal, and everything it decides
    • A molecule that is its own acid and its own base
    • An amide, repeated, and the four scales at which it folds
    • Why a fold is a catalyst
    • Molecules the body needs in milligrams
    • A chain with two different ends, and a rule that copies it
    • Auditing the claim this chapter opened with