Aldehydes & Ketones
A 26-module path through aldehydes & ketones, in study order from foundations to the frontier.
Modules
- The Carbonyl Group: Structure and Bonding
- Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Carbonyl Polarization and Electrophilicity
- Orbital Picture: The Carbonyl LUMO and Bürgi–Dunitz Angle
- Nucleophilic Addition to the Carbonyl: The Core Mechanism
- Steric and Electronic Effects on Carbonyl Reactivity
- Hydrate Formation and the Equilibrium of Carbonyl Addition
- Acid and Base Catalysis of Carbonyl Addition
- Cyanohydrin Formation
- Cyanohydrins in Synthesis
- Hemiacetals and the Role of Alcohol Nucleophiles
- Cyclic Hemiacetals and Sugars
- Acetal Formation Mechanism
- Le Chatelier Control of Acetal Equilibria
- Acetals as Protecting Groups
- Imine Formation Mechanism
- pH Dependence of Imine Formation
- Oximes, Hydrazones, and Related C=N Derivatives
- Enamine Formation and Reactivity
- Formation and Nature of Grignard and Organolithium Reagents
- Grignard and Organolithium Addition to Aldehydes and Ketones
- Alcohol Products and Retrosynthesis of C–C Bonds
- Hydride Reduction: NaBH4 and LiAlH4
- Chemoselectivity in Carbonyl Reduction
- The Wittig Reaction
- Conjugate (1,4) vs Direct (1,2) Addition to Enones