An electric kettle has a heating element of resistance 44Ω and is connected to a 220V supply. The kettle contains 1kg of water at 20∘C.
(i) Assuming that all electrical energy supplied is absorbed by the water, calculate the time required for the water to reach its boiling point, 100∘C. (Specific heat capacity of water =4.2×103Jkg−1∘C−1.)
(ii) In practice some heat is lost to the surroundings. State two factors that could increase the time actually taken compared with the value calculated in part (i).