A closed system containing an ideal monatomic gas traces the rectangular cycle A → B → C → D → A on a pressure–volume diagram. The coordinates of the four corners are:
• A (2.0 L, 150 kPa)
• B (4.0 L, 150 kPa)
• C (4.0 L, 300 kPa)
• D (2.0 L, 300 kPa)
All processes between adjacent points are straight-line segments parallel to either the P-axis or the V-axis.
(a) Calculate the work done BY the gas during the process A → B.
(b) Calculate the work done BY the gas during the process C → D.
(c) Determine the net work done BY the gas over the complete cycle A → B → C → D → A. Include the sign of your answer.
(d) State the net change in the internal energy of the gas after one full cycle and justify your answer briefly.
(e) During the isochoric process B → C, 2.5 kJ of energy is transferred to the gas by heating. During the isochoric process D → A, 0.5 kJ of energy is removed from the gas by cooling. Using your result from part (c) and the first law of thermodynamics, determine the total energy transferred as heat to the gas over the entire cycle.