A sealed sample of an ideal monatomic gas is confined in a rigid steel sphere. The gas is warmed by placing the sphere in a hot water bath so that its absolute temperature increases from T1 to T2 while the external air pressure remains constant.
Respond to the following prompts, using words, symbols, and diagrams as appropriate. No numerical values are required.
(a) Describe the energy transfer mechanisms by which the gas can exchange energy with its surroundings during this process.
(b) Explain why the work done on or by the gas during this process is zero, making explicit reference to the definition of mechanical work for a gas.
(c) Using the first law of thermodynamics, explain how you can determine the sign of the thermal energy transferred between the water bath and the gas.
(d) On a qualitatively accurate P–V diagram, sketch the initial and final equilibrium states of the gas and indicate the thermodynamic path followed. Label any regions on the diagram that represent work done or energy transferred as heat, and justify your labeling.