A light ray in air approaches a flat slab of transparent material (Material X) of index nX=1.60. The ray enters the slab at an incident angle of 40∘ measured from the normal, traverses the slab, and then exits the far side directly into water (nwater=1.33). The slab surfaces are parallel to each other.
(a) Determine the angle the ray makes with the normal while it is propagating inside Material X.
(b) After emerging from Material X into the water, find the angle the ray makes with the normal in the water.
(c) Compute the net angular deviation of the ray relative to its original direction in air. Explain, with quantitative support, why the presence of the intermediate slab alters the final direction compared with a direct air-to-water interface.