High School Physics

Unit 1 · Kinematics

Scalar Quantities — Scalars, Vectors & Basic Definitions
Vector Quantities — Scalars, Vectors & Basic Definitions
Position Vector — Position, Displacement & Vector Equality
Displacement Vector — Position, Displacement & Vector Equality
Vector Equality & Scaling — Position, Displacement & Vector Equality
Graphical Vector Addition — Vector Addition & Component Resolution
Analytical Vector Addition — Vector Addition & Component Resolution
Resolution of Vectors — Vector Addition & Component Resolution
Distance vs Displacement — 1D Motion: Distance, Displacement, Speed & Velocity
Speed vs Velocity — 1D Motion: Distance, Displacement, Speed & Velocity
Average Acceleration — 1D Acceleration: Definition & Interpretation
Instantaneous Acceleration — 1D Acceleration: Definition & Interpretation
Uniform Motion — Uniform Motion & Constant Acceleration in 1D
Constant Acceleration — Uniform Motion & Constant Acceleration in 1D
Slope Interpretation — Distance–Time Graphs
Qualitative Motion from Graphs — Distance–Time Graphs
Acceleration from Slope — Velocity–Time Graphs
Displacement from Area — Velocity–Time Graphs
Derivation & Meaning of Equations — Kinematic Equations for Uniform Acceleration
Applying Kinematic Equations — Kinematic Equations for Uniform Acceleration
Stopping Distance & Reaction Time — Kinematic Equations for Uniform Acceleration
Vector Components in 2D — 2D Vectors & Component-wise Representation
Vector Reconstruction — 2D Vectors & Component-wise Representation
Independent Motion Along Axes — 2D Motion with Constant Acceleration
Vector Kinematics in 2D — 2D Motion with Constant Acceleration
Horizontal & Vertical Decomposition — Projectile Motion
Range, Time of Flight & Maximum Height — Projectile Motion
Changing Direction of Velocity — Curvilinear Motion
Speed vs Velocity in Circular Motion — Uniform Circular Motion
Centripetal Acceleration — Uniform Circular Motion
Reference Frames — Relative Motion & Reference Frames
Relative Velocity — Relative Motion & Reference Frames

Unit 2 · Forces & Newton’s Laws

Force as Interaction — Foundations of Force & Motion
Balanced vs Unbalanced Forces — Foundations of Force & Motion
Field Forces — Foundations of Force & Motion
Law of Inertia — Newton’s First Law & Inertia
Inertial Frames — Newton’s First Law & Inertia
Mass as Measure of Inertia — Newton’s First Law & Inertia
Momentum Formulation of Second Law — Newton’s Second Law & Dynamics
F = ma Formulation — Newton’s Second Law & Dynamics
Identifying Net Force — Newton’s Second Law & Dynamics
Action–Reaction Principle — Newton’s Third Law & Interaction Pairs
Identifying Interaction Pairs — Newton’s Third Law & Interaction Pairs
Linear Momentum — Momentum & Its Conservation
Conservation of Momentum — Momentum & Its Conservation
Identifying Forces — Free-Body Diagrams & Force Modeling
Drawing Free-Body Diagrams — Free-Body Diagrams & Force Modeling
Problem-Solving Strategy — Free-Body Diagrams & Force Modeling
Normal Force — Common Forces in Mechanics
Tension — Common Forces in Mechanics
Friction: Static & Kinetic — Common Forces in Mechanics
Spring Force — Common Forces in Mechanics
Resistive & Damping Forces — Common Forces in Mechanics
Rolling Friction — Common Forces in Mechanics
Defining a System — Systems of Particles & Centre of Mass
Centre of Mass — Systems of Particles & Centre of Mass
Motion of Centre of Mass — Systems of Particles & Centre of Mass
Universal Law of Gravitation — Gravitation & Weight
Weight & Apparent Weight — Gravitation & Weight
Spherical Mass Distributions — Gravitation & Weight
Centripetal Force — Circular & Orbital Motion Dynamics
Orbital Motion — Circular & Orbital Motion Dynamics

Unit 3 · Gravitation

Inverse-Square Law — Universal Law of Gravitation
Gravitational Constant (G) — Universal Law of Gravitation
Gravitational Field Concept — Gravitational Field & Acceleration
Acceleration Due to Gravity (g) — Gravitational Field & Acceleration
Variation of g — Gravitational Field & Acceleration
Free-Fall as 1D Motion — Free-Fall & Vertical Motion
Upward & Downward Motion Under Gravity — Free-Fall & Vertical Motion
Distinction Between Mass & Weight — Mass, Weight & Apparent Weight
Weight on Earth, Moon & Space — Mass, Weight & Apparent Weight
Apparent Weight & Free-Fall — Mass, Weight & Apparent Weight
Gravitational Potential Energy Near Earth — Gravitational Potential Energy
Energy–Motion Connection — Gravitational Potential Energy
Gravitational Potential (V) — Gravitational Potential Energy
Concept of Escape Velocity — Escape Velocity
Energy-Based Derivation — Escape Velocity
Kepler’s First Law — Planetary Motion & Orbits
Kepler’s Second Law — Planetary Motion & Orbits
Kepler’s Third Law — Planetary Motion & Orbits
Circular Orbits & Orbital Speed — Satellites & Orbital Motion
Energy of Orbiting Satellites — Satellites & Orbital Motion
Thrust and Pressure Due to Gravity — Thrust
Conditions for Floatation — Buoyancy & Floatation
Statement of Archimedes’ Principle — Archimedes’ Principle
Apparent Weight Loss — Archimedes’ Principle

Unit 4 · Work, Energy & Power

Work as Dot Product — Work: Fundamental Definition
Positive, Negative & Zero Work — Work: Fundamental Definition
Work by Constant Force Along Motion — Work by Constant Forces
Work by Inclined Forces — Work by Constant Forces
Work by Variable Force — Variable Forces & Graphical Methods
Spring Force & Elastic Work — Variable Forces & Graphical Methods
Definition of Kinetic Energy — Kinetic Energy
Work–Energy Theorem — Kinetic Energy
Spring Potential Energy — Potential Energy
Definition of Potential Energy — Potential Energy
Conservative Forces — Conservative & Non-Conservative Forces
Non-Conservative Forces — Conservative & Non-Conservative Forces
Mechanical Energy of a System — Mechanical Energy
Energy Transformation — Mechanical Energy
Forms of Mechanical and Non-Mechanical Energy — Mechanical Energy
Sankey Diagrams — Mechanical Energy
Energy Conservation Principle — Law of Conservation of Energy
Conservative Systems — Law of Conservation of Energy
Average Power — Power
Instantaneous Power — Power
Work Against Friction — Energy Losses & Efficiency
Efficiency of Machines — Energy Losses & Efficiency
Motion on Inclined Planes — Applications & Systems
Energy in Vertical Circular Motion — Applications & Systems
Renewable & Non-Renewable Resources — Energy Resources & Society
Global Energy Trends — Energy Resources & Society
Energy Density & Specific Energy — Energy Resources & Society

Unit 5 · Oscillations, Waves & Sound

Sound as Mechanical Wave — Sound: Production & Nature
Longitudinal Nature of Sound — Sound: Production & Nature
Frequency & Pitch — Sound Wave Characteristics
Amplitude & Loudness — Sound Wave Characteristics
Speed of Sound in Media — Sound Wave Characteristics
Reflection of Sound — Sound Reflection Phenomena
Echo Formation — Sound Reflection Phenomena
Reverberation — Sound Reflection Phenomena
Properties of Ultrasound — Ultrasound
Applications of Ultrasound — Ultrasound
Periodic Motion — Oscillatory Motion Foundations
Oscillation Parameters — Oscillatory Motion Foundations
Restoring Force Law — Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
SHM and Circular Motion Analogy — Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
Mass-Spring Systems — Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
Velocity in SHM — SHM Kinematics
Acceleration in SHM — SHM Kinematics
Energy Exchange in SHM — SHM Energy
Simple Pendulum — Pendulums
Physical Pendulum — Pendulums
Types of Mechanical Waves — Mechanical Waves
Seismic Waves — Mechanical Waves
Wave Displacement Equation — Wave Description
Phase, Wavelength & Frequency — Wave Description
Angular Frequency & Wavenumber — Wave Description
Wave Speed Relation — Wave Speed
Speed on Stretched Strings — Wave Speed
Superposition Principle — Wave Superposition
Beats — Wave Superposition
Reflection at Boundaries — Boundary Effects
Standing Waves & Normal Modes — Boundary Effects
Standing Waves in Air Columns — Boundary Effects
Doppler Shift in Sound — Doppler Effect
Doppler Effect for Light — Doppler Effect
Wave Pulses & Periodic Waves — AP Bridge: Advanced Waves
EM Wave Context — AP Bridge: Advanced Waves
Human Range of Hearing — Sound Perception
Damped Oscillations — Advanced Oscillations
Forced Oscillations & Resonance — Advanced Oscillations

Unit 6 · Optics: Ray, Wave & Instruments

Laws of Reflection — Reflection of Light
Image Formation by Plane Mirrors — Reflection of Light
Types of Mirrors — Spherical Mirrors
Ray Diagrams — Spherical Mirrors
Mirror Equation — Mirror Formulae
Magnification — Mirror Formulae
Refraction at Plane Surfaces — Refraction
Refraction Through Glass Slab — Refraction
Refractive Index — Refraction
Refraction at Spherical Surfaces — Refraction
Types of Lenses — Lenses
Ray Diagrams for Lenses — Lenses
Refraction Through Spherical Lenses — Lenses
Lens Equation — Lens Formulae
Power of a Lens — Lens Formulae
Combination of Thin Lenses — Lens Formulae
Structure of the Eye — Human Eye
Defects of Vision — Human Eye
Simple Microscope — Optical Instruments
Astronomical Telescope — Optical Instruments
Dispersion by Prism — Dispersion
Angular Dispersion — Dispersion
Atmospheric Refraction — Atmospheric Optics
Scattering & Tyndall Effect — Atmospheric Optics
Critical Angle — Total Internal Reflection
Huygens’ Principle — Wave Optics
Plane Wave Reflection & Refraction — Wave Optics
Coherence — Interference
Young’s Double-Slit Experiment — Interference
Thin-Film Interference — Interference
Single-Slit Diffraction — Diffraction
Nature of Polarized Light — Polarization
Diffraction Gratings — AP Bridge: Advanced Optics
Double-Slit Diffraction — AP Bridge: Advanced Optics

Unit 7 · Current Electricity & Circuits

Electric Charge Flow — Electric Charge & Current
Direction of Conventional Current — Electric Charge & Current
Basic Circuit Elements — Electric Circuits
Circuit Symbols & Diagrams — Electric Circuits
Electric Potential Difference — Electric Potential
Ohm’s Law — Ohm’s Law (Macroscopic)
Ohmic vs Non-Ohmic Conductors — Ohm’s Law (Macroscopic)
Drift Velocity of Charge Carriers — Microscopic Current Model
Mobility & Resistivity Origin — Microscopic Current Model
Resistance and Geometry Dependence — Resistance & Resistivity
Resistivity of Materials — Resistance & Resistivity
Temperature Dependence of Resistivity — Resistance & Resistivity
Resistors in Series — Resistor Networks
Resistors in Parallel — Resistor Networks
Mixed Resistor Networks — Compound Circuits
Internal Resistance in Circuits — Compound Circuits
Potential Dividers — Compound Circuits
Electrical Work & Energy — Electrical Energy
Heating Effect of Current — Electrical Energy
Applications of Heating Effect — Electrical Energy
Electric Power Definition — Electric Power
Power Relations in Circuits — Electric Power
Kilowatt-Hour & Electricity Cost — Electric Power
Electromotive Force (EMF) — Cells & EMF
Terminal Voltage — Cells & EMF
Cells in Series — Cells in Circuits
Cells in Parallel — Cells in Circuits
Kirchhoff’s Junction Rule — Kirchhoff’s Laws
Kirchhoff’s Loop Rule — Kirchhoff’s Laws
Wheatstone Bridge Principle — Measurement Circuits
Capacitor Charging in RC Circuits — Time-Dependent Circuits
Capacitor Discharging in RC Circuits — Time-Dependent Circuits

Unit 8 · Magnetism & Magnetic Materials

Magnetic Field Concept — Magnetic Fields
Magnetic Field Lines — Magnetic Fields
Gauss’s Law for Magnetism — Magnetic Fields
Magnetic Field of Straight Conductor — Fields due to Currents
Right-Hand Thumb Rule — Fields due to Currents
Magnetic Field of Circular Loop — Fields due to Currents
Magnetic Field of Solenoid — Fields due to Currents
Biot–Savart Law (Conceptual) — Fields due to Currents
Biot–Savart Law (Applications) — Fields due to Currents
Ampère’s Circuital Law — Fields due to Currents
Lorentz Force on Moving Charge — Magnetic Forces
Combined Electric & Magnetic Force — Magnetic Forces
Force on Current-Carrying Conductor — Magnetic Forces
Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule — Magnetic Forces
Force Between Parallel Currents — Magnetic Forces
Circular Motion of Charged Particles — Charged Particle Motion
Helical Motion of Charged Particles — Charged Particle Motion
Current Loop as Magnetic Dipole — Current Loops & Dipoles
Torque on Magnetic Dipole — Current Loops & Dipoles
Moving Coil Galvanometer — Measuring Devices
Magnetisation & Magnetic Intensity — Magnetic Materials
Magnetic Susceptibility & Permeability — Magnetic Materials
Diamagnetism — Magnetic Materials
Paramagnetism — Magnetic Materials
Ferromagnetism — Magnetic Materials
Induced Magnetism — Magnetic Materials
Electric–Magnetic Dipole Analogy — Magnetic Analogies
Magnetic Materials & Field Response (Advanced) — AP Bridge
Domestic Electric Circuits — Applications
DC Motors — Electromechanical Devices
Loudspeakers — Electromechanical Devices
Relay Operation — Electromechanical Devices

Unit 9 · Units, Dimensions & Measurement Techniques

Physical Quantities & Measurement — Measurement Systems
SI Base Units — Measurement Systems
SI Derived Units — Measurement Systems
Measurement Standards & Conventions — Measurement Systems
Order of Magnitude & Estimation — Measurement Systems
Significant Figures — Precision & Reporting
Rounding Rules — Precision & Reporting
Reporting Measured Values — Precision & Reporting
Quality of Measurement — Precision & Reporting
Measurement Uncertainty — Measurement Errors
Absolute & Relative Errors — Measurement Errors
Error Propagation: Addition & Subtraction — Measurement Errors
Error Propagation: Multiplication & Division — Measurement Errors
Dimensions of Physical Quantities — Dimensional Analysis
Dimensional Formulae — Dimensional Analysis
Dimensional Equations — Dimensional Analysis
Applications of Dimensional Analysis — Dimensional Analysis
Vernier Calipers & Screw Gauge — Measuring Instruments

Unit 10 · Rotational Motion & Rigid Body Dynamics

Types of Rigid Body Motion — Rigid Body Motion
Rigid Body Approximation — Rigid Body Motion
Angular Displacement & Arc Length — Linear–Rotational Mapping
Angular Velocity & Tangential Velocity — Linear–Rotational Mapping
Angular Acceleration & Tangential Acceleration — Linear–Rotational Mapping
Linear Momentum of Particle Systems — System Momentum
Cross Product — Vector Tools
Cross Product in Rotation — Vector Tools
Angular Displacement, Velocity & Acceleration — Rotational Kinematics
Rotational Kinematic Equations — Rotational Kinematics
Concept of Torque — Torque
Factors Affecting Torque — Torque
Conditions for Rotational Equilibrium — Rotational Equilibrium
Principle of Moments — Rotational Equilibrium
Newton’s Second Law for Rotation — Rotational Dynamics
Work Done by Torque — Work & Energy in Rotation
Rotational Kinetic Energy — Work & Energy in Rotation
Moment of Inertia — Rotational Inertia
Definition of Angular Momentum — Angular Momentum
Conservation of Angular Momentum — Angular Momentum
Rolling Without Slipping — Rolling Motion
Rolling With Slipping — Rolling Motion
Concept of Centre of Gravity — Centre of Gravity
Orbital Motion of Satellites — Orbital Motion
Levers & Gears — Simple Machines

Unit 11 · Properties of Matter: Solids & Fluids

Stress & Strain — Elasticity of Solids
Hooke’s Law — Elasticity of Solids
Stress–Strain Curve — Elastic Behaviour of Materials
Applications of Elasticity — Elastic Behaviour of Materials
Young’s Modulus — Elastic Constants
Shear Modulus — Elastic Constants
Bulk Modulus — Elastic Constants
Poisson’s Ratio — Elastic Constants
Elastic Potential Energy — Energy in Deformation
Pressure in Fluids — Fluid Statics
Atmospheric & Gauge Pressure — Fluid Statics
Pascal’s Principle — Fluid Statics
Hydraulic Machines — Fluid Statics
Buoyant Force — Fluid Statics
Streamline (Laminar) Flow — Fluid Dynamics
Bernoulli’s Principle — Fluid Dynamics
Efflux (Torricelli’s Law) — Fluid Dynamics
Dynamic Lift — Fluid Dynamics
Viscosity — Viscous Flow
Stokes’ Law — Viscous Flow
Surface Tension — Surface Phenomena
Capillarity & Contact Angle — Surface Phenomena
Density & Structural Properties of Fluids — Fluid Properties

Unit 12 · Thermal Physics & Thermodynamics

Heat vs Temperature — Temperature & Heat
Measurement of Temperature — Temperature & Heat
Thermal Equilibrium — Thermal Equilibrium
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics — Thermal Equilibrium
Ideal Gas Law — Equation of State
Thermodynamic State Variables — Equation of State
Linear & Volume Expansion — Thermal Expansion
Specific Heat Capacity — Heat Capacity
Calorimetry — Heat Capacity
Change of State — Phase Change
Latent Heat — Phase Change
Evaporation — Phase Change
Conduction — Heat Transfer
Convection — Heat Transfer
Radiation — Heat Transfer
Thermal Insulation — Heat Transfer
Black-Body Radiation Laws — Heat Transfer
Newton’s Law of Cooling — Cooling Laws
Heat, Work & Internal Energy — Internal Energy
First Law of Thermodynamics — Laws of Thermodynamics
Types of Thermodynamic Processes — Thermodynamic Processes
Second Law of Thermodynamics — Second Law & Entropy
Entropy & Irreversibility — Second Law & Entropy
Statistical Entropy — Second Law & Entropy
Heat Engines — Heat Engines
Carnot Engine & Efficiency — Heat Engines
Molecular Nature of Matter — Molecular Theory
Moles, Molar Mass & Avogadro — Molecular Theory
Gas Behaviour from Kinetic Theory — Kinetic Theory of Gases
Temperature from Kinetic Theory — Kinetic Theory of Gases
Brownian Motion — Kinetic Theory of Gases
Equipartition of Energy — Energy Distribution
Heat Capacities of Gases — Energy Distribution
Heat Capacity of Solids — Energy Distribution
Mean Free Path — Molecular Transport
Earth's Energy Balance — Global Thermal Energy

Unit 13 · Electrostatics & Electric Fields

Nature of Electric Charge — Electric Charge
Conservation of Charge — Electric Charge
Conductors and Insulators — Electric Charge
Coulomb’s Law — Electric Force
Superposition of Electric Forces — Electric Force
Definition of Electric Field — Electric Field
Field of Point Charges — Electric Field
Field of Multiple Charges — Electric Field
Electric Field Lines — Electric Field
Charges in Uniform E-Fields — Electric Field
Concept of Electric Flux — Electric Flux
Gauss’s Law — Electric Flux
Applications of Gauss’s Law — Electric Flux
Continuous Charge Distributions — Electric Flux
Electric Dipole: Definition — Electric Dipole
Field Due to an Electric Dipole — Electric Dipole
Potential of an Electric Dipole — Electric Dipole
Dipole in Uniform Electric Field — Electric Dipole
Electric Potential — Electric Potential
Electrostatic Potential Energy — Electric Potential
Equipotential Surfaces — Electric Potential
Field–Potential Relation — Electric Potential
Electrostatic Equilibrium of Conductors — Conductors & Dielectrics
Dielectrics and Polarisation — Conductors & Dielectrics
Capacitance: Definition — Capacitance
Parallel-Plate Capacitor — Capacitance
Dielectrics in Capacitors — Capacitance
Capacitors in Series & Parallel — Capacitance
Energy Stored in Capacitors — Capacitance
Conservation of Electric Energy — Energy Conservation

Unit 14 · Electromagnetic Induction & AC Circuits

Discovery of Electromagnetic Induction — Foundations of Induction
Magnetic Flux: Definition — Foundations of Induction
Faraday’s Law of Induction — Faraday–Lenz Laws
Lenz’s Law — Faraday–Lenz Laws
Motional emf — Motional Induction
Forces Due to Induced Currents — Motional Induction
Microphones — Motional Induction
Self-Inductance — Inductance
Mutual Inductance — Inductance
LR Circuits — Transient Circuits
LC Oscillations — Oscillatory Circuits
AC Generator — AC Generation
AC Signal Representation — AC Fundamentals
AC in Resistive Circuits — AC Fundamentals
AC in Inductors — AC Circuit Elements
AC in Capacitors — AC Circuit Elements
LCR Series Circuits — AC Circuit Analysis
Power in AC Circuits — AC Circuit Analysis
Resonance in AC Circuits — AC Circuit Analysis
Transformers — Applications of Induction
National Grid & Power Transmission — Applications of Induction
Eddy Currents — Eddy Currents

Unit 15 · Electromagnetic Waves

Displacement Current — Maxwellian Foundations
EM Wave Structure — Nature of EM Waves
Propagation Without Medium — Nature of EM Waves
Accelerated Charges as Sources — Generation of EM Waves
Spectrum Classification — Electromagnetic Spectrum
Energy–Frequency Relationship — Electromagnetic Spectrum
Applications & Hazards — Electromagnetic Spectrum
Radio Waves — Radio & Microwave Region
Microwaves — Radio & Microwave Region
Infrared Radiation — Infrared & Visible Region
Visible Light — Infrared & Visible Region
Ultraviolet Radiation — High-Energy Radiation
X-Rays — High-Energy Radiation
Gamma Rays — High-Energy Radiation

Unit 16 · Modern Physics

Thermionic Emission — Electron Emission
Photoelectric Emission — Electron Emission
Discovery of the Electron — Electron Emission
Key Experimental Observations — Photoelectric Effect
Failure of Classical Wave Theory — Photoelectric Effect
Photon Model of Light — Quantum Explanation of PE
Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation — Quantum Explanation of PE
Dual Nature of Radiation — Wave–Particle Duality
Dual Nature of Matter — Wave–Particle Duality
Compton Scattering — Quantum Evidence
Blackbody Radiation — Quantum Origins
Planck’s Quantum Hypothesis — Quantum Origins
Alpha-Particle Scattering — Atomic Structure
Rutherford Nuclear Model — Atomic Structure
Bohr’s Postulates — Atomic Models
Energy Levels in Hydrogen — Atomic Models
Franck-Hertz Experiment — Atomic Models
Emission Spectra — Atomic Spectra
Absorption Spectra — Atomic Spectra
De Broglie Hypothesis — Matter Waves
Quantisation via Standing Waves — Matter Waves
Nuclear Composition — Nuclear Structure
Nuclear Size — Nuclear Structure
Mass–Energy Equivalence — Nuclear Energy
Nuclear Binding Energy — Nuclear Energy
Strong Nuclear Force — Nuclear Forces
Types of Radioactive Decay — Radioactivity
Radioactive Decay Law — Radioactivity
Radiation Safety & Risk — Radioactivity
Applied Nuclear Physics — Radioactivity
Neutrinos in Beta Decay — Radioactivity
Background Radiation — Radioactivity
Nuclear Equations — Radioactivity
Nuclear Fission — Nuclear Reactions
Nuclear Fusion — Nuclear Reactions
Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion — Nuclear Reactions
Nuclear Reactor Physics — Nuclear Reactions
Classification of Materials — Solid-State Physics
Intrinsic Semiconductors — Semiconductors
Extrinsic Semiconductors — Semiconductors
Junction Formation — p–n Junction
Built-In Potential — p–n Junction
Diode Forward Bias — Semiconductor Devices
Diode Reverse Bias — Semiconductor Devices
Zener & Optoelectronic Devices — Semiconductor Devices
Diode Rectification — Applications
Logic Gates — Digital Electronics
Antimatter & Pair Production — Particle Physics
Hadrons, Baryons & Mesons — Particle Physics
Leptons, Quarks & Antiquarks — Particle Physics
Conservation Laws in Particle Physics — Particle Physics
Standard Model & Exchange Particles — Particle Physics
Feynman Diagrams — Particle Physics
Postulates of Special Relativity — Special Relativity
Time Dilation & Length Contraction — Special Relativity
Lorentz Transformations — Special Relativity
Spacetime Diagrams — Special Relativity

Unit 17 · Momentum & Impulse

Momentum of a System of Particles — Linear Momentum
Impulse as Force–Time Product — Impulse
Impulse–Momentum Theorem — Impulse
Applications of Momentum Conservation — Conservation Laws
Types of Collisions — Collisions
Momentum Conservation in Collisions — Collisions
Energy Considerations in Collisions — Collisions
Two-Dimensional Collisions — Collisions

Unit 18 · Astrophysics

Structure of Solar System — The Solar System
Earth's Rotation & Orbit — The Solar System
Stellar Evolution — Stellar Physics
Classification of Stars — Stellar Physics
Big Bang & Hubble’s Law — Cosmology
Dark Matter & Dark Energy — Cosmology
Reflecting vs Refracting — Telescopes
Stellar Parallax & Distance — Telescopes

Unit 19 · Medical Physics

ECG & Bio-potentials — Biological Measurement
Radionuclide Imaging — Medical Imaging
X-Ray CT & Therapy — Medical Imaging

Unit 20 · Electronics

Analogue vs Digital Signals — Signal Processing
Operational Amplifiers — Analogue Electronics
Modulation Principles — Communication Systems